Current practice of family planning among teachers in public secondary school in Enugu East Senatorial District, Nigeria

Background: The aim of this study is to determine the current practice level of family planning and the associated factors among public secondary school teachers in Enugu East Senatorial District. Method: A cross-sectional study was carried out among public secondary school teachers, aged 18 - 60 years, in Enugu East Senatorial District, using probability proportional to size sampling and systematic random sampling to select 1000 participants. Binary and multiple logistic regression analyses were used to determine association. An odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was computed to determine the level of significance. Results: The current practice level of family planning is 26.5%. Respondents with bachelor's in education were 2 times more likely to be a current user of family planning (AOR=2.39; 95% CI: 1.25-4.55). However, respondents in age group 38 years and above were less likely to be a current user of family planning (AOR=0.64; 95% CI: 0.43-0.95), likewise female respondents (AOR=0.66; 95% CI: 0.44-0.98). Additionally, respondents who mentioned radio (AOR=0.64; 95%CI: 0.44-0.93), social media (AOR=0.73; 95% CI: 0.53-0.99) and healthcare (AOR=0.61; 95%CI: 0.43-0.88) as source of information were less likely to be current user of family planning. Whereas partner who encouraged the use of family planning (AOR=2.54; 95% CI: 1.71-3.78) span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: bold">, partner who allow each other to decide on family planning methods (AOR=4.47; 95% CI: 2.67-7.48) and those who had good knowledge of family planning (AOR=1.96; 95% CI: 1.40- 2.67) were more likely to be current user of family planning. Conclusion: The level of current practice of family planning is low and a significant number of factors predict the current practice of family planning. A family planning educational workshop among teachers is needed to improve teacher's knowledge on family planning to address the issue of adolescent sexual reproduction as teachers are vessels of knowledge impartation to students

Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation in South Africa: Current limitations and future perspectives

The growing need for haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is reflected in the increasing number of transplants performed globally each year. HSCT provides life-changing and potentially curative therapy for a range of pathologies including haematological malignancies; other indications include certain congenital and acquired disorders of the haematopoietic system, autoimmune conditions and hereditary diseases. The primary goals of HSCT are either to replace haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC) following myeloablative chemotherapy or to cure the original pathology with allogeneic HSPCs. Success depends on optimal outcomes at various stages of the procedure including mobilisation of marrow stem/progenitor cells for harvesting from the patient or donor, long-term and sustainable engraftment of these cells in the recipient, and prevention of graft-versus-host disease in the case of allogeneic HSCT. Challenges in South Africa include high cost, limited infrastructure and lack of appropriately trained staff, as well as limitations in securing suitable haematopoietic stem cell donors. This review aims to provide an overview of HSCT and some of the challenges that are faced in the South African context

Involuntary sterilisation of HIV-positive women in South Africa: a current legal perspective

This article examines the reality of HIV-positive women being subjected to perpetual stigmatisation as a result of involuntary sterilisation practices. The reproductive autonomy and dignity of HIV-positive persons is protected by various constitutional provisions, and a legal framework providing for the requirement of informed consent, as well as the prohibition of discrimination on the grounds of HIV status. This article considers the issues of both informed consent and discrimination in the context of the practice of involuntary sterilisation of HIVpositive women. The article considers the legal framework in light of the physical, emotional, social and cultural implications for HIV-positive women who are subjected to involuntary sterilisation

A Draft Proposal for Korean Classification and Coding System for In Vitro Diagnostic Medical Devices

BACKGROUND: The Global harmonization task force (GHTF) recommends a separate regulation system for in vitro diagnostic medical devices (IVDD), because false test results can pose a risk to individual and/or public health. However, in Korea, many reagents for IVDD are not monitored, although IVD analyzers and some reagents are monitored under the Medical Device Act and Pharmaceutical Affairs Act, respectively. Our aim was to propose a draft for a Korean coding and classification system for IVDD. METHODS: For preparing the draft, we reviewed the Korean Current Procedural Terminology for Health Insurance and principles of the coding and classification system for IVDD of the GHTF, the USA, Japan, Canada, Australia, and the EU. The draft was reviewed by consultants from relevant societies, such as Korean Medical Association, Korean Society for Laboratory Medicine, The Korea Association of Medical Technologists, and Korea Association for Diagnostic Laboratory Reagents, and was then publicly discussed at a conference. RESULTS: IVDD were classified into 4 classes on the basis of the risks they pose to individual (IR) and public health (PR): class 1 (low IR and low PR), class 2 (moderate IR and low PR), class 3 (high IR and/or moderate PR), and class 4 (high IR and high PR). IVD analyzers, reagents and other general laboratory equipments were categorized and coded using the letter D and 7 (2+3+2) digits. CONCLUSIONS: This draft for the Korean IVDD classification and coding system could be used for effective management and regulation of IVDD in Korea.

A Draft Proposal for Korean Classification and Coding System for In Vitro Diagnostic Medical Devices

BACKGROUND: The Global harmonization task force (GHTF) recommends a separate regulation system for in vitro diagnostic medical devices (IVDD), because false test results can pose a risk to individual and/or public health. However, in Korea, many reagents for IVDD are not monitored, although IVD analyzers and some reagents are monitored under the Medical Device Act and Pharmaceutical Affairs Act, respectively. Our aim was to propose a draft for a Korean coding and classification system for IVDD. METHODS: For preparing the draft, we reviewed the Korean Current Procedural Terminology for Health Insurance and principles of the coding and classification system for IVDD of the GHTF, the USA, Japan, Canada, Australia, and the EU. The draft was reviewed by consultants from relevant societies, such as Korean Medical Association, Korean Society for Laboratory Medicine, The Korea Association of Medical Technologists, and Korea Association for Diagnostic Laboratory Reagents, and was then publicly discussed at a conference. RESULTS: IVDD were classified into 4 classes on the basis of the risks they pose to individual (IR) and public health (PR): class 1 (low IR and low PR), class 2 (moderate IR and low PR), class 3 (high IR and/or moderate PR), and class 4 (high IR and high PR). IVD analyzers, reagents and other general laboratory equipments were categorized and coded using the letter D and 7 (2+3+2) digits. CONCLUSIONS: This draft for the Korean IVDD classification and coding system could be used for effective management and regulation of IVDD in Korea.

Sobre la diversión de los falsos amigos / On the diversion of false friends

El español es una lengua que hoy hablan más de 450 millones de personas. La preponderancia de otros idiomas, especialmente del inglés, para la trasmisión de conocimientos médicos y quirúrgicos produce sobre el español importantes interferencias. En lingüística es especialmente trascendente un fenómeno conocido como los “falsos amigos”. Un falso amigo es una palabra de otro idioma que se parece a una palabra en la lengua materna del hablante pero que tiene un significado diferente, por lo que en su traducción se pueden producir graves incorrecciones.En el presente artículo se realiza una revisión de algunos falsos amigos frecuentes en la traducción inglés-español y que tienen especial relevancia en el lenguaje médico y quirúrgico.

The Spanish language is spoken by over 450 million people. Preponderance of other idioms, especially English, which is widely utilized for the transmission of medical and surgical knowledge, has resulted in important interferences with the Spanish language. In linguistics there is a particular transcendent phenomenon that is called “the false friends”. “False friend” is a term from another idiom that is spelled similarly to a word of the maternal language, but that has a different significance, and therefore its translation with similar spelling may produce incorrect texts.This article includes a review of “false friends” that are frequently found in the English to Spanish translations and that have special relevance in the medical and surgical language.

Proposed Algorithm with Standard Terminologies (SNOMED and CPT) for Automated Generation of Medical Bills for Laboratory Tests / 대한의료정보학회지

OBJECTIVES: In this study, we proposed an algorithm for mapping standard terminologies for the automated generation of medical bills. As the Korean and American structures of health insurance claim codes for laboratory tests are similar, we used Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) instead of the Korean health insurance code set due to the advantages of mapping in the English language. METHODS: 1,149 CPT codes for laboratory tests were chosen for study. Each CPT code was divided into two parts, a Logical Observation Identifi ers Names and Codes (LOINC) matched part (matching part) and an unmatched part (unmatched part). The matching parts were assigned to LOINC axes. An ontology set was designed to express the unmatched parts, and a mapping strategy with Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine Clinical Terms (SNOMED CT) was also proposed. Through the proceeding analysis, an algorithm for mapping CPT with SNOMED CT arranged by LOINC was developed. RESULTS: 75% of the 1,149 CPT codes could be assigned to LOINC codes. Two hundred and twenty-five CPT codes had only one component part of LOINC, whereas others had more than two parts of LOINC. The system of LOINC axes was found in 309 CPT codes, scale 555, property 9, method 42, and time aspect 4. From the unmatched parts, three classes, 'types', 'objects', and 'subjects', were determined. By determining the relationship between the classes with several properties, all unmatched parts could be described. Since the 'subject to' class was strongly connected to the six axes of LOINC, links between the matching parts and unmatched parts were made. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed method may be useful for translating CPT into concept-oriented terminology, facilitating the automated generation of medical bills, and could be adapted for the Korean health insurance claim code set.

Módulos de capacitación para técnicos en estadística e informática. Módulo III: Avanzado / Training modules for statistical and Informatics technicians. Module III: Advanced

El presente documento es una compilación del material bibliográfico, que ha sido seleccionado por profesionales especialistas del área de estadística e informática; el mismo que constituirá un materia! técnico, didáctico y de consulta para el alumno. La estadística es un instrumento que permite conocer la formación completa, exacta, fidedigna y en forma oportuna de las características cuantitativas de los problemas bio-psico-sociales de la salud, así como su tendencia; asimismo permite conocer las necesidades y disponibilidad de recursos requeridos en la atención de salud de la población

Módulos de capacitación para técnicos en estadística e informática. Módulo II: Intermedio / Training modules for statistical and Informatics technicians. Module II: Intermediate

El presente módulo consta de una selección de temas de estadística, epidemiología, salud pública y administración en salud que se convertirán en el material didáctico y de consulta para los responsables de estadística; quienes de manera autodidacta y progresiva irá desarrollando los capítulos de estudio, contando con el soporte de la Dirección Regional de Salud y de los responsables de estadística de las redes de servicios de salud. Asimismo, describe la estructura y cambios de Décima Revisión de la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades (CIE 10) para el registro y codificación de morbilidad y mortalidad., las definiciones de los términos utilizados con mayor frecuencia en estadística de salud relacionados a las actividades de consulta externa, emergencia y hospitalización, población y administración hospitalaria., y el concepto, importancia, usos y campos que abarca las estadísticas de salud

Abreviações médicas em urologia e cirurgia pediátrica: um estudo comparativo de formações regulares com as existentes na linguagem médica / Medical abbreviations in pediatric urulogy and pediatric surgery: a comparative study on regular formations and current ones in the medical language

É comum o uso de abreviações em medicina. Contudo, numerosas formações existentes na linguagem médica são questionáveis por se desviarem das normas segundo o registro gramatical normativo. Como formas de redução, existem siglas, abreviaturas e símbolos. Como norma, as siglas são formadas pelo conjunto das letras iniciais dos nomes que compõem uma expressão e abreviatura formação feita com a primeira sílaba da palavra, seguida da consoante inicial da sílaba seguinte, seguida de ponto: art. (artigo), lab. (laboratório), lat. (latim), jul. (julho). Símbolos são abreviações desprovidas de ponto abreviativo e de indicação de plural. É comum a formação de siglas a abreviaturas com utilização das letras iniciais de componentes vocabulares como em ECG (eletrocardiograma), Hgb (hemoglobina), cça (criança). Os autores apresentam um breve glossário de reduções de termos médicos em que se comparam as formas regulares com as formas comumente usadas. Foram escolhidos textos de urologia pediátrica como exemplário específico. Conclui-se que, embora as formas existentes na linguagem médica sejam legítimas por seu amplo uso, convém observar as formações regulares para seu uso em relatos científicos formais sempre que for possível.

The usage of abbreviations in the medical language is very common. However, a plenty of formations existing in the medical language is questionable because they are off the norms as normative gramatical register. As reduction forms, there are sigles, abbreviations and symbols. As a rule, the sigles are formed by a conjuntion of inicial letters of the terms which make up an expression and the abbreviation is a formation made up with the first syllab of the word, which is followed by the first consonant of the next syllab and a period: art. (article), lab. (laboratory), lat. (latin), Jul. (July). Symbols are abbreviations without abbreviative period or plural indications. It is usual the formation of sigles and abbreviations with utilization of the inicial letters of vocabular compounds as in ECG (eletrocardiogram), Hgb (hemoglobin), cça (criança). The authors present a brief glossary of reductions of medical terms in which the regular forms are comproved ordinarilly used forms. Texts on pediatric urology were chosen as an especific exemplary. One conclude that, although the existing forms in the medical language are legitimate as to their wide usage, is convenient to observe the regular formations because of its usage in the cientific formal reports whenever it is possible.

The study on the development of relative value in medical treatment of the oral and maxillofacial surgery

The aim of this study is to evaluate the reasonableness of the medical fee on oral and maxillofacial surgery field according to surgeon's opinions and actual conditions. The medical fee has significant influence on hospital income, the supply and distribution of medical manpower, quality and facilities of medical services. Questionnaire survey was sent to 86 oral and maxillofacial surgeons who worked more than 3 years in general hospital. Among them, 25 doctors replied the 109 answers survey and the average of treatment time and physician work relative value on each category was calculated. And the health insurance cost (that has been applied since 2003) was compared with the questionnaire results. And finally we investigated items that health insurance system did not include in oral and maxillofacial field but actually performed in oral and maxillofacial surgery clinic. The result was that the medical fee did not properly reflect physician work relative value of actual treatments. In case of complicated extraction, work relative value needed 3.5 times enhancement of present value. For simple impacted tooth extraction 1.8 times, for impacted tooth extraction including odontomy 1.7 times, and for fully impacted tooth more than 2/3 of it located into the alveolar bone, 1.8 times enhancement needed. In respect of the present physician work relative value, hemimandibulectomy with neck lymph node dissection for the malignancy is appropriated as 3.3 times of open reduction and internal fixation for the mandibular fracture, but the questionnaire result showed 25 times discrepancy. In conclusion, this research shows the need for intervention that health insurance included items and legal relative medical value must act in union with treatment in clinic to reduce the imbalance between them.

Manual de procedimientos en medicina (CIE-9-MC): lista tabular / Manual of procedures in medicine (CIE-9-MC): ready tabular

El Ministerio de Salud através de la División General de Planificación y Desarrollo en Nicaragua pone a disposición el Manual de procedimientos en medicina (CIE-9-MC): lista tabular. Este instrumento que coadyuvará a manejar de manera sistematica y científica el ordenamiento estadístico, de las intervenciones quirúrgicas y procedimientos en medicina que se realizan en nuestro hospitales y centros de salud. La clasificación de procedimientos de la CIE-9-MC es una modificacion del fascículo V procedimientos quirúrgicos de la OMS. Contiene una lista tabular como un índice alfabético. Se han añadido mas detalles, lo que ha hecho necesaria una expansión de los códigos de tres a cuatro dígitos. Aproximadamente el 90 porciento de los códigos se refieren a procedimientos quirúrgico mientras que el restante 10 porciento se refiere a otros procedimientos diagnósticos y terapeúticos. Su fin es contribuir al mejoramiento de las estadísticas institucionales y a consolidar el desarrollo del sistema de información en salud

Manual de procedimientos en medicina (CIE-9-MC): índice alfabético / Manual of procedures in medicine (CIE-9-MC): alphabetical index

El Ministerio de Salud através de la División General de Planificación y Desarrollo en Nicaragua pone a disposición el Manual de procedimientos en medicina (CIE-9-MC): índice alfabético. V.II. Este instrumento que coadyuvará a manejar de manera sistematica y científica el ordenamiento estadístico, de las intervenciones quirúrgicas y procedimientos en medicina que se realizan en nuestro hospitales y centros de salud. La clasificación de procedimientos de la CIE-9-MC es una modificacion del fascículo V procedimientos quirúrgicos de la OMS. Se han añadido mas detalles, lo que ha hecho necesaria una expansión de los códigos de tres a cuatro dígitos. Aproximadamente el 90 porciento de los códigos se refieren a procedimientos quirúrgico mientras que el restante 10 porciento se refiere a otros procedimientos diagnósticos y terapeúticos. Su fin es contribuir al mejoramiento de las estadísticas institucionales y a consolidar el desarrollo del sistema de información en salud

Prolapso genital severo: consideraciones clínicas, fisiopatológicas y de técnica quirurgica al momento de su corrección

El tratamiento quirúrgico actual del prolapso genital severo es el resultado de un mejor conocimiento y comprensión del piso pelviano. Se revisan los fundamentos anatómicos y fisiopatológicos implicados en el desarrollo del prolapso genital severo y de la cirugía reconstructiva del piso pélvico.

A Review of the Medical Nutrition Therapy (MNT) of the U.S. Medicare System / 대한지역사회영양학회지

The purposes of this study were 1) to review the Medical Nutrition Therapy (MNT) Act of the United States, 2) to introduce the efforts of the American Dietetic Association (ADA) to expand the Medicare coverage for MNT and 3) to provide information about the reimbursement under Medicare Part B for the cost of MNT. The MNT Act defined MNT services as "the nutritional diagnostic, therapeutic, and counseling services provided by a Registered Dietitian or nutritional professional for the purpose of managing diabetes or renal diseases". Also, the MNT Act defined "conditions for coverage of MNT", "limitations on coverage of MNT", and "qualifications of MNT service provider". To expand the coverage of Medicare to include MNT, the ADA realized the need for development of a protocol for MNT, as well as studies to evaluate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the MNT protocol developed. Therfore, the ADA supported the studies to develop a strong database of scientific investigations of nutritional services. Furthermore, the ADA needed credible data that could be used by policy makers, so the ADA contracted with the Lewin Group to carry out the study to gather the additional data needed to strengthen the ADA's position. In the report of the Lewin Group, which was entitled, "The Cost of Covering Medical Nutrition Therapy under Medicare: 1998 through 2004", it was concluded, that if coverage for MNT in the Part B portion of Medicare had begun in 1998, by 2004, approximately $ 2.3 billion would have been saved through reduced hospital spending under Part A of Medicare ($ 1.2 billion) and reduced physician visits under Part B ($ 1.1 billion). Effective January 1 2002, the US Congress extended Medicare coverage to include MNT to beneficiaries with diabetes or renal diseases. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) established the duration and frequency for the MNT based on published reports or generally accepted protocols (for example, protocols suggested by the ADA). The number of hours covered by Medicare is 3 hours for the initial MNT and 2 hours for a follow-up MNT. In 2002, a Medicare coverage policy was made to define the Physician's Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes 97802, 97803, and 97804 for MNT.